Posted inModern Era

German Empire: The Unprecedented Federal State Formed by Kingdoms, Principalities, Duchies, and Republics, Where the Ruler Was Both Monarch and President

It is not the parliament that must grant it. With this terse statement, Frederick William IV of Prussia rejected the title of Kaiser der Deutschen (Emperor of the Germans) offered to him by the Frankfurt parliamentarians after the 1848 Revolution, as he believed it should be an initiative of the German princes. It was not […]

Posted inModern Era

How the Siege of Paris in 1871 Enabled German Unification, Proclaimed in Versailles

On October 7, 1870, one of those minor, anecdotal episodes that pepper History amidst greater events took place. A hydrogen balloon named Armand-Barbès lifted off from Paris, setting out towards Tours with an unusual passenger: none other than Léon Michel Gambetta, Minister of the Interior and War in the National Defense Government, a provisional administration […]